I During ^th Chinese National Antarctic Expedition ( ( chianre), individual particle samples were collected from South-to-Antarctic during L 2013. A transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ay spectrometry (tem-eds) is employed to analyze the Morpholo GY, mixing state, composition, and relative abundances of individual aerosol. Atmospheric particles were classified into four types:sea salt, mineral, s ' ich and C-ich. Sea salt Aerosols (SSA) were dominant in marine particles from South to Antarctic, and they were further into three Sub-types:fresh SSA, partially aged SSA, and fully SSA. Partially and fully aged SSA accounted for 86% The total SSA number. Interestingly, surface of partially aged SSA and fully aged SSAcontained abundant rod-iike Na2</b20 >S 0 4. Mineral dust particles increased in the coastal areas, which were by influenced air. In addition, we found this s-ich particles were abundant at two sampling sites (the Middle Eastern of Indian Ocean and Ant Arctic inland). The back trajectories of air masses indicated that this s-ich particles were mainly formed via the oxidation of dimethyl Sulfide (DMS) emitted from the marine phytoplanktons. Our study suggests this SSA aging process in the South hemisphere atmosphere was controlled by the DMS which is differ ENT from the SSA aging under the influence of anthropogenic pollutants in the North hemisphere.

Deep sea mining involves the extraction of minerals from the ocean floor. As deep sea mining is a relatively new practice, there is still much to be learned about the technology and the potential risks associated with it by the developing countries. Developing states must ensure that proper safety measures are in place to prevent accidents and minimize the risk of environmental damage. While the potential benefits of deep sea mining are significant, it is essential to ensure that the process is carried out responsibly and sustainably to protect both the environment and local communities. Developing countries face numerous challenges when it comes to actively participating in deep-sea exploration. Some of these challenges include a lack of adequate resources, limited technological capabilities, and limited access to funding. Additionally, developing countries often lack the necessary legal frameworks and regulatory systems to effectively regulate deep-sea exploration, licensing and extraction activities, especially within the continental shelves and the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). These challenges can make it difficult for developing countries to fully participate in this important area of scientific research for a sustainable blue economy. This paper suggests an effective partnership between oceanographic research institutes from developing countries with research institutes from countries like France, Germany, UK, Belgium, Netherlands, China and International seabed Authority (ISA) in deep sea marine scientific research. The paper identifies the need for a joint collaboration for the purpose of acquiring reliable data on the seabed topography, location, shape, coverage, and abundance of deep-sea mineral resources in the continental shelves, exclusive economic zones of developing countries, and area beyond the national jurisdiction. There is also a need to develop legal framework on deep sea policy for sustainable actualization of developing nations’ blue economy.

 International maritime trade has long played a pivotal role in human development; however, its environmental impact cannot be disregarded. Air pollution (that includes Carbon and Sulphur emissions—all together Greenhouse Gases) emanating from ships has emerged as a significant contributor to climate change, prompting growing concern among the international community. The combustion of fossil fuels in ship engines releases pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter into the atmosphere, adversely affecting both human health and the climate. In recognition of the need to tackle this issue, international laws have been established to regulate ship emissions. This research paper analysed the IMO’s regulations under international law for mitigating climate change, with a particular focus on various global initiatives controlling sulphur, carbon and GHG emissions. It is suggested that cooperation between public and private interests as well as at regional levels will play a crucial role in combating climate change and promoting global shipping sustainability.

This study assessed the physical vulnerability of the coastal area of Nigeria to climate change effects using indices generated from a group of factors including relief, rock types, landforms, and erosion/deposition rates. Results show the very-high vulnerability class covering the largest proportion, about 53% of the area, amounting to about 23,850 km², largely found in the Niger Delta region. The next, high-vulnerability class covers 17%, about 7650 km², found mostly in Lagos State and the northern fringes of the Niger Delta region. The other classes i.e., moderate, low, and very-low vulnerability extend over 10% (4500 km²), 13%, (5850 km²) and 7% (3150 km²) of the coastal area, respectively. While the moderate-vulnerability class is found only in the western part of the coastal area, the low and very-low vulnerability classes dominate the extreme eastern flank and some northern edges of the western part. The low-vulnerability class is found mainly in Ondo, Ogun, Akwa Ibom and the Cross River States. The very-low vulnerability class is found covering the Ewen community of Cross River State only. Given that 70% of Nigeria’s coastal environment falls within very-high and high vulnerability classes, the region is evidently very vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.

This study explores the spatial pattern and climate modes’ impact on the Indian Ocean decadal upwelling variability by using observational dataset, Static Linear Regression Model (SLM) and Bayesian Dynamic Linear Model (BDLM). Our analysis shows that the Indian Ocean decadal upwellings averaged in the Eastern and Western Indian Ocean (EIO and WIO) regions are positively correlated. Moreover, the BDLM that represents the temporal modulations of the El Niño and Southern Ocean (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) impacts, reproduces the time series of the EIO and WIO upwellings more realistically than a conventional SLM does. BDLM simulations further suggest that in both EIO and WIO, IOD is more important than ENSO impact. The time-varying regression coefficients in BDLM indicate that the observed shift of the IOD impact on the EIO upwelling around 1985 is mainly associated with the changes of alongshore wind stress forcing and the sensitivity of the upper ocean temperature in the EIO through the surface warming tendency and the enhanced ocean stratification. This suggests that climate models need to consider the time-varying impact of different climate modes in order to simulate the Indian Ocean dynamics correctly.